HUMAN IMMUNO DEFICIENCY
HUMAN IMMUNODEFIENCIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1(HIV-1)
HIV-1is associated with a spectrum of neurological disorders .At the time of primary HIV-1 infection ,an acute aseptic meningitis or encephalitis indicates central nervous system invasion .Evidence of HIV-1 infection is found in the CSF of most asymptomatic seropositive individuals ,suggesting viral persistence in the nervous system .After a long incubation period ,viral activation is signaled by expression of HIV-1 antigen in the CSF ,which correlates with a profound dementia in adults or with an an anagalous progressive encephalopathy in children .The neuropathological substrate of this dementing process consists of multinucleated giant cells and diffuse white matter pallor. immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization studies demonstrate that antigen presenting cells ,including blood derived macrophages and resident brain microglia ,are directly infected by HIV-1 and participate in the formation of the syncytial giant cells .astrocytes and endothelial cells may also be infected ,but evidence for infection of oligodendroglia and neurons is lacking .studies of lentiviral encephalitides in ungulates and non-human primates emphasize the importance of specific viral antigenic stimulation and the role of inflammatory cells as direct or indirect mediators of tissue damage .the disorders of the peripheral nervous system described in patient with HIV-1 infections have not been convincingly linked to direct viral infection.at least two of the neuromuscular complications ,the inflammatory motor neuropathy and polymyositis are likely to have an autoimmune pathogenesis.HIV-1 is transmitted through direct contact with hiv-infected body fluids, such as blood ,semen ,and vaginal fluids ,or from a mother who has HIV-1 to her child during pregnancy ,delivery ,or breastfeeding(through breast milk).HIV-1 IS responsible for the majority of HIV-1 is responsible for the majority of HIV infections worldwide.HIV-1 entry into host cells requires docking and binding at two separate sites:CD4+T cells receptor and a 7-transdomain chemokine co -receptor .Generic mutation in the CCR5 co-receptor have afforded relative protection from infection with macrophagetropic strains of HIV-1 in both homozygous and heterozygous individuals .In conclusion hiv- 1 is the common type of virus that can be contracted in many simpler ways as explained above .
Joseph Sese
HIV-1is associated with a spectrum of neurological disorders .At the time of primary HIV-1 infection ,an acute aseptic meningitis or encephalitis indicates central nervous system invasion .Evidence of HIV-1 infection is found in the CSF of most asymptomatic seropositive individuals ,suggesting viral persistence in the nervous system .After a long incubation period ,viral activation is signaled by expression of HIV-1 antigen in the CSF ,which correlates with a profound dementia in adults or with an an anagalous progressive encephalopathy in children .The neuropathological substrate of this dementing process consists of multinucleated giant cells and diffuse white matter pallor. immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization studies demonstrate that antigen presenting cells ,including blood derived macrophages and resident brain microglia ,are directly infected by HIV-1 and participate in the formation of the syncytial giant cells .astrocytes and endothelial cells may also be infected ,but evidence for infection of oligodendroglia and neurons is lacking .studies of lentiviral encephalitides in ungulates and non-human primates emphasize the importance of specific viral antigenic stimulation and the role of inflammatory cells as direct or indirect mediators of tissue damage .the disorders of the peripheral nervous system described in patient with HIV-1 infections have not been convincingly linked to direct viral infection.at least two of the neuromuscular complications ,the inflammatory motor neuropathy and polymyositis are likely to have an autoimmune pathogenesis.HIV-1 is transmitted through direct contact with hiv-infected body fluids, such as blood ,semen ,and vaginal fluids ,or from a mother who has HIV-1 to her child during pregnancy ,delivery ,or breastfeeding(through breast milk).HIV-1 IS responsible for the majority of HIV-1 is responsible for the majority of HIV infections worldwide.HIV-1 entry into host cells requires docking and binding at two separate sites:CD4+T cells receptor and a 7-transdomain chemokine co -receptor .Generic mutation in the CCR5 co-receptor have afforded relative protection from infection with macrophagetropic strains of HIV-1 in both homozygous and heterozygous individuals .In conclusion hiv- 1 is the common type of virus that can be contracted in many simpler ways as explained above .
Joseph Sese
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